Population genetic structure of Garcinia imberti Bourd. an endangered endemic tree of southern Western Ghats, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.3.734Keywords:
Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, Conservation, Gene flow, Genetic diversity, ISSR markersAbstract
Assessing the genetic diversity of endemic plants is of great importance in future conservation programmes. The genetic diversity in Garcinia imberti from Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve of southern Western Ghats was assessed through ISSR markers by molecular characterization with 15 primers. A total of 157 accessions from six populations were used for the study. They generated 102 amplified products, out of which 89 were polymorphic (87.25%). It produced an average of 6.8 bands per primer and 5.93% polymorphism per primer. The present study revealed that G. imberti has moderate level of genetic diversity at species level but differs at population level. The dendrogram constructed following UPGMA exhibited that all accessions were clustered together except Poonkulam population. The genetic diversity analysis of G. imberti showed that even though the populations are closely associated, every population have their own characteristic diversity and should be conserved. Among the populations, Chemunji is the largest one with more genetic diversity and may conserve as the potential source of gene pool of this species.
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References
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8. Gitzendanner MA, Weekley CW, Germain-Aubrey CC, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Microsatellite evidence for high clonality and limited genetic diversity in Ziziphus celata (Rhamnaceae), an endangered, self-incompatible shrub endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida, USA. Conserv Genet. 2012;13(1):223-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-011-0287-9
9. Tecic DL, McBride JL, Bowles ML, Nickrent DL. Genetic variability in the federal threatened Mead's milkweed, Asclepia smeadii Torrey (Asclepiadaceae), as determined by allozyme electrophoresis. Ann Mo Bot Gard. 1998;97-109. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992000
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11. Manikandan G. Reproductive biology of Garcinia imberti Bourd. and G. travancorica Bedd.: endemic and endangered tree species from Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve. PhD Thesis. Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University, Tamil Nadu; 2016.
12. Fenster CB, Dudash MR. Genetic considerations for plant population restoration and conservation. In: Restoration of Endangered Species; Conceptual Issues, Planning and Implementation. Bowles ML, Whelan CJ, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;1994. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623325.004
13. Feitosa-Alcantara, Barroso R, Ana VCM, Blank AF, Almeida-Pereira CS, Carvalho SVA, Arrigoni-Blank MF. Analysis of genetic diversity of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. plants using ISSR markers. Genet Mol Res. 2017;16(3):1-10. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16039603
14. Murray MG, Thompson WF. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980;8(19):4321-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321
15. Almeida-Pereira, Santos C, Ana Muniz VCS, Alves RP, Feitosa-Alcantara RB, Arrigoni-Blank MF, Carvalho SAV, Costa TS. Genetic diversity of native populations of Croton tetradenius Baill. using ISSR markers. Genet Mol Res. 2017;16(2):1-12. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16029602
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18. Michael CW, David EM. Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: FST?1/(4Nm+1). Heredity. 1999;82(2):117-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6884960
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20. Milligan BG, Leebens-Mack J, Strand AE. Conservation genetics: beyond the maintenance of marker diversity. Mol Ecol. 1994;3(4):423-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00082.x
21. Thatte KS, Khandekar RG, Deodhar MA. Assessment of diversity in Garcinia indica (Dupetit-Thouars.) Choisy. using morphological and molecular markers. J Trop Agr. 2012;50(1-2):30-36.
22. Pangsuban S, Bamroongrugsa N, Kanchanapoom K, Naulsri C. An evaluation of the sexual system of Garcinia atroviridis L. (Clusiaceae), based on reproductive features. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technolology, 2007;29(6):1457–68.
23. Tharachand C, Immanuel Selvaraj C, Abraham Z. Molecular insights into the genetic diversity of Garcinia cambogia germplasm accessions. Braz Arch Biol Techn. 2015;58(5):765-72. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132015050197
24. Pillai PP, Sajan JS, Menon KM, Hemanthakumar AS, Pandurangan AG, Krishnan PN, Seeni S. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Poeciloneuron pauciflorum Bedd.-An Endemic Tree Species from the Western Ghats of India. Am J Plant Sci. 2011;2(03):416-24. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2011.23047
25. Martinez PA, Eguiarte LE, Furnier GR. Genetic diversity of the endangered endemic Agave victoria-reginae (Agavaceae) in the Chihuahuan Desert. Am J Bot. 1999;86(8):1093-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656971
26. Mateu, Segura MG. Population subdivision and genetic diversity in two narrow endemics of Antirrhinum L. Mol Ecol. 2000;9(12):2081-87. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01119.x
27. da Silva RCS, Milet-Pinheiro P, da Silva PCB, da Silva AG, da Silva MV, Navarro DMDAF, da Silva NH. (E)-caryophyllene and ?-humulene: Aedesa egypti oviposition deterrents elucidated by gas chromatography-electrophysiological assay of Commiphora leptophloeos leaf oil. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144586
28. Nei M. Molecular Evolution Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York;1987.https://doi.org/10.7312/nei-92038
29. Brito, FDA., Nizio, DADC., Muniz, AVCDS., Diniz, LEC., Rabbani, ARC., Arrigoni-Blank, MDF., Alvares-Carvalho, SV., Figueira, GM., Montanari Júnior, I. Blank, AF. Genetic diversity analysis of Varronia curassavica Jacq. accessions using ISSR markers. Genet Mol Res. 2016:15(3):1-10 https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15038681
30. Vandepitte K, Honnay O, De Meyer T, Jacquemyn H, Roldán-Ruiz I. Patterns of sex ratio variation and genetic diversity in the dioecious forest perennial Mercurialis perennis. Plant Ecol. 2010;206(1):105-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-009-9627-y
31. Avise JC, Hamrick JL. (editors). Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature. Chapman & Hall, New York; 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2504-9
32. Barrett S, Kohn J. Genetic and evolutionary consequences of small population size in plants: implications for conservation In: Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants (editors. Falk, DA, Holsinger, KE). New York, Oxford University Press; 1991.
33. Millar CI, Libby WJ. Strategies for conserving clinal, ecotypic, and disjunct population diversity in widespread species. Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants 1991;149-70.
34. Szczeci?ska M, Sramko G, Wo?osz K, Sawicki J. Genetic diversity and population structure of the rare and endangered plant species Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill in East Central Europe. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):1-24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151730
35. Petit RJ, El Mousadik A, Pons O. Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conserv Biol. 1998;12(4):844-55. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96489.x
36. Vinceti B, Loo J, Gaisberger H, van Zonneveld MJ, Schueler S, Konrad H, Caroline ACK, Geburek T. Conservation priorities for Prunus africana defined with the aid of spatial analysis of genetic data and climatic variables. PloS one. 2013;8(3):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059987
37. Nilkanta H, Amom T, Tikendra L, Rahaman H, Nongdam P. ISSR Marker based population genetic study of Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz: A commercially important bamboo of Manipur, North-East India. Scientifica. 2017;1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3757238
38. Nybom H. Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. Mol Ecol. 2004;13(5):1143-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02141.x
39. Hoffmann AA, Blows MW. Species borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trends Ecol Evol. 1994;9(6):223-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90248-8
40. Hoffmann AA, Parsons PA. Extreme Environmental Change and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;1997.
41. Gaston KJ. The Structure and Dynamics of Geographic Ranges. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England;2003.
42. Lenormand T. Gene flow and the limits to natural selection. In: Trends Ecol Evol. 2002;17(4):183-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02497-7
43. Nybom H, Bartish IV. Effects of life history traits and sampling strategies on genetic diversity estimates obtained with RAPD markers in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 2000;3(2):93-114. https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00006
44. Haque I, Bandopadhyay R, Mukhopadhyay K. Population genetic structure of the endangered and endemic medicinal plant Commiphora wightii. Mol Biol Rep. 2010;37(2):847-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-009-9661-9
45. Anto M, Jothish PS, Angala M, Anilkumar C. Fruit predation and adaptive strategies of Garcinia imberti, an endangered species of southern Western Ghats. Curr Sci India. 2018;115(12):2315-21. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v115/i12/2315-2321
46. Anto M, Angala M, Anilkumar C. Stochastic stress and survivability of Garcinia imberti Bourd. (Clusiaceae) an endangered tree of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Traditional and Folk Practices. 2018;6(1):103-08. https.//doi.org/10.25173/jtfp.2018.6.1.93.
2. Holsinger KE, Gottlieb LD. Conservation of rare and endangered plants: principles and prospects. In: Genetics and conservation of rare plants. Falk DA, Holsinger KE, editors. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 1991.
3. Ellstrand NC, Elam DR. Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annu Rev Ecol Evol S. 1993;24:217-42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.001245
4. Gitzendanner MA, Solitis PA. Patterns of genetic variation in rare and widespread plant congeners. Am J Bot. 2000;87(6):783-92. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656886
5. Spielman D, Brook BW, Frankham R. Most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact them. P Natl Acad Sci. USA. 2004;101:15261-64. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403809101
6. Gaafar ARZ, AI-Qurainy F, Khan S. Assessment of genetic diversity in the endangered populations of Breonadia salicina (Rubiaceae) growing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using inter-simple sequence repeat markers. BMC Genet. 2014;15(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-014-0109-4
7. Bramwell D. The response of botanic gardens to climate change. BG Journal. 2007; 4(2):3-8.
8. Gitzendanner MA, Weekley CW, Germain-Aubrey CC, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Microsatellite evidence for high clonality and limited genetic diversity in Ziziphus celata (Rhamnaceae), an endangered, self-incompatible shrub endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida, USA. Conserv Genet. 2012;13(1):223-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-011-0287-9
9. Tecic DL, McBride JL, Bowles ML, Nickrent DL. Genetic variability in the federal threatened Mead's milkweed, Asclepia smeadii Torrey (Asclepiadaceae), as determined by allozyme electrophoresis. Ann Mo Bot Gard. 1998;97-109. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992000
10. IUCN. Garcinia imberti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 1998.
11. Manikandan G. Reproductive biology of Garcinia imberti Bourd. and G. travancorica Bedd.: endemic and endangered tree species from Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve. PhD Thesis. Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University, Tamil Nadu; 2016.
12. Fenster CB, Dudash MR. Genetic considerations for plant population restoration and conservation. In: Restoration of Endangered Species; Conceptual Issues, Planning and Implementation. Bowles ML, Whelan CJ, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;1994. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623325.004
13. Feitosa-Alcantara, Barroso R, Ana VCM, Blank AF, Almeida-Pereira CS, Carvalho SVA, Arrigoni-Blank MF. Analysis of genetic diversity of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. plants using ISSR markers. Genet Mol Res. 2017;16(3):1-10. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16039603
14. Murray MG, Thompson WF. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980;8(19):4321-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321
15. Almeida-Pereira, Santos C, Ana Muniz VCS, Alves RP, Feitosa-Alcantara RB, Arrigoni-Blank MF, Carvalho SAV, Costa TS. Genetic diversity of native populations of Croton tetradenius Baill. using ISSR markers. Genet Mol Res. 2017;16(2):1-12. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16029602
16. Yeh FC, Boyle TBJ, Ye ZH, Mao JX. POPGENE: The User-Friendly Software for Population Genetic Analysis. University of Alberta, Edmonton; 1999.
17. Wright S. The genetical structure of populations. Ann Eugenic. 1949;15(1):323-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x
18. Michael CW, David EM. Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: FST?1/(4Nm+1). Heredity. 1999;82(2):117-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6884960
19. Hayward MD, Breese EL. Population structure and variability. In: Plant Breeding Series. Hayward MD, Bosemark NO, Romagosa I, Cerezo M, editors. Springer, Dordrecht; 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1524-7
20. Milligan BG, Leebens-Mack J, Strand AE. Conservation genetics: beyond the maintenance of marker diversity. Mol Ecol. 1994;3(4):423-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00082.x
21. Thatte KS, Khandekar RG, Deodhar MA. Assessment of diversity in Garcinia indica (Dupetit-Thouars.) Choisy. using morphological and molecular markers. J Trop Agr. 2012;50(1-2):30-36.
22. Pangsuban S, Bamroongrugsa N, Kanchanapoom K, Naulsri C. An evaluation of the sexual system of Garcinia atroviridis L. (Clusiaceae), based on reproductive features. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technolology, 2007;29(6):1457–68.
23. Tharachand C, Immanuel Selvaraj C, Abraham Z. Molecular insights into the genetic diversity of Garcinia cambogia germplasm accessions. Braz Arch Biol Techn. 2015;58(5):765-72. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132015050197
24. Pillai PP, Sajan JS, Menon KM, Hemanthakumar AS, Pandurangan AG, Krishnan PN, Seeni S. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Poeciloneuron pauciflorum Bedd.-An Endemic Tree Species from the Western Ghats of India. Am J Plant Sci. 2011;2(03):416-24. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2011.23047
25. Martinez PA, Eguiarte LE, Furnier GR. Genetic diversity of the endangered endemic Agave victoria-reginae (Agavaceae) in the Chihuahuan Desert. Am J Bot. 1999;86(8):1093-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656971
26. Mateu, Segura MG. Population subdivision and genetic diversity in two narrow endemics of Antirrhinum L. Mol Ecol. 2000;9(12):2081-87. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01119.x
27. da Silva RCS, Milet-Pinheiro P, da Silva PCB, da Silva AG, da Silva MV, Navarro DMDAF, da Silva NH. (E)-caryophyllene and ?-humulene: Aedesa egypti oviposition deterrents elucidated by gas chromatography-electrophysiological assay of Commiphora leptophloeos leaf oil. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144586
28. Nei M. Molecular Evolution Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York;1987.https://doi.org/10.7312/nei-92038
29. Brito, FDA., Nizio, DADC., Muniz, AVCDS., Diniz, LEC., Rabbani, ARC., Arrigoni-Blank, MDF., Alvares-Carvalho, SV., Figueira, GM., Montanari Júnior, I. Blank, AF. Genetic diversity analysis of Varronia curassavica Jacq. accessions using ISSR markers. Genet Mol Res. 2016:15(3):1-10 https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15038681
30. Vandepitte K, Honnay O, De Meyer T, Jacquemyn H, Roldán-Ruiz I. Patterns of sex ratio variation and genetic diversity in the dioecious forest perennial Mercurialis perennis. Plant Ecol. 2010;206(1):105-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-009-9627-y
31. Avise JC, Hamrick JL. (editors). Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature. Chapman & Hall, New York; 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2504-9
32. Barrett S, Kohn J. Genetic and evolutionary consequences of small population size in plants: implications for conservation In: Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants (editors. Falk, DA, Holsinger, KE). New York, Oxford University Press; 1991.
33. Millar CI, Libby WJ. Strategies for conserving clinal, ecotypic, and disjunct population diversity in widespread species. Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants 1991;149-70.
34. Szczeci?ska M, Sramko G, Wo?osz K, Sawicki J. Genetic diversity and population structure of the rare and endangered plant species Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill in East Central Europe. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):1-24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151730
35. Petit RJ, El Mousadik A, Pons O. Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conserv Biol. 1998;12(4):844-55. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96489.x
36. Vinceti B, Loo J, Gaisberger H, van Zonneveld MJ, Schueler S, Konrad H, Caroline ACK, Geburek T. Conservation priorities for Prunus africana defined with the aid of spatial analysis of genetic data and climatic variables. PloS one. 2013;8(3):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059987
37. Nilkanta H, Amom T, Tikendra L, Rahaman H, Nongdam P. ISSR Marker based population genetic study of Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz: A commercially important bamboo of Manipur, North-East India. Scientifica. 2017;1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3757238
38. Nybom H. Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. Mol Ecol. 2004;13(5):1143-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02141.x
39. Hoffmann AA, Blows MW. Species borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trends Ecol Evol. 1994;9(6):223-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90248-8
40. Hoffmann AA, Parsons PA. Extreme Environmental Change and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;1997.
41. Gaston KJ. The Structure and Dynamics of Geographic Ranges. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England;2003.
42. Lenormand T. Gene flow and the limits to natural selection. In: Trends Ecol Evol. 2002;17(4):183-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02497-7
43. Nybom H, Bartish IV. Effects of life history traits and sampling strategies on genetic diversity estimates obtained with RAPD markers in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 2000;3(2):93-114. https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00006
44. Haque I, Bandopadhyay R, Mukhopadhyay K. Population genetic structure of the endangered and endemic medicinal plant Commiphora wightii. Mol Biol Rep. 2010;37(2):847-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-009-9661-9
45. Anto M, Jothish PS, Angala M, Anilkumar C. Fruit predation and adaptive strategies of Garcinia imberti, an endangered species of southern Western Ghats. Curr Sci India. 2018;115(12):2315-21. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v115/i12/2315-2321
46. Anto M, Angala M, Anilkumar C. Stochastic stress and survivability of Garcinia imberti Bourd. (Clusiaceae) an endangered tree of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Traditional and Folk Practices. 2018;6(1):103-08. https.//doi.org/10.25173/jtfp.2018.6.1.93.
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19-07-2020
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Anto M, Anjala M, Jothish PS, Rameshkumar KB, Padmesh P, Anilkumar C. Population genetic structure of Garcinia imberti Bourd. an endangered endemic tree of southern Western Ghats, India. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2020 Jul. 19 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];7(3):424-31. Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/734
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